Nisargadatta Maharaj

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008)
Nisargadatta Maharaj
Nisargadatta Maharaj.jpg
Nisargadatta Maharaj
Born Maruti Shivrampant Kambli
(1897-04-17)17 April 1897
Bombay, British India (present-day Mumbai, Maharashtra, India)
Died 8 September 1981(1981-09-08) (aged 84)
Bombay (Mumbai), India
Guru Siddharameshwar Maharaj
Philosophy Advaita Vedanta
Quotation Discover all that you are not — body, feelings thoughts, time, space, this or that — nothing, concrete or abstract, which you perceive can be you. The very act of perceiving shows that you are not what you perceive.
Part of a series on
Hindu philosophy
Aum

Nisargadatta Maharaj (April 17, 1897 – September 8, 1981), born Maruti Shivrampant Kambli, was an Indian spiritual teacher and philosopher of Advaita (Nondualism), and a Guru, belonging to the Inchgiri branch of the Navnath Sampradaya.

One of the 20th century's exponents of the school of Advaita Vedanta philosophy (nondualism), Nisargadatta, with his direct and minimalistic explanation of non-dualism, is considered the most famous teacher of Advaita since Ramana Maharshi.[1]

In 1973, the publication of his most famous and widely translated book, I Am That, an English translation of his talks in Marathi by Maurice Frydman, brought him worldwide recognition and followers.[2]

Contents

[edit] Biography

[edit] Early life

Nisargadatta was born on April 17, 1897, at break of dawn, the full moon in the month of Chaitra, to a devout Hindu couple Shivrampant Kambli and Parvatibai, in Bombay.[3] The day was also the birthday of Lord Hanuman, hence the boy was named 'Maruti', after Lord Hanuman himself.[4][5] Maruti Shivrampant Kambli was brought up in Kandalgaon, a small village in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, where he grew up amidst his family of six siblings, two brothers and four sisters, and deeply religious parents.[6] His father, Shivrampant, worked as a domestic servant in Mumbai and later became a petty farmer in Kandalgaon.

In 1915, after his father died, he moved to Bombay to support his family back home, following his elder brother. Initially he worked as a junior clerk at an office but quickly he opened a small goods store, mainly selling beedis – leaf-rolled cigarettes, and soon owned a string of eight retail shops.[7]

In 1924 he married Sumatibai and they had three daughters and a son.

[edit] Awakening

In 1933, he was introduced to his guru, Siddharameshwar Maharaj, the head of the Inchegiri branch of the Navnath Sampradaya, by his friend Yashwantrao Baagkar. His guru told him, "You are not what you take yourself to be...".[8] He then gave Nisargadatta simple instructions which he followed verbatim, as he himself recounted later:

My Guru ordered me to attend to the sense 'I am' and to give attention to nothing else. I just obeyed. I did not follow any particular course of breathing, or meditation, or study of scriptures. Whatever happened, I would turn away my attention from it and remain with the sense 'I am'. It may look too simple, even crude. My only reason for doing it was that my Guru told me so. Yet it worked!" [9]

Following his guru's instructions to concentrate on the feeling "I Am", he utilized all his spare time looking at himself in silence, and remained in that state for the coming years, practising meditation and singing devotional bhajans.[10]

After an association that lasted hardly two and a half years, Siddharameshwar Maharaj died on November 9, 1936,[11] though by that time he had done his task. Maruti had reached self-awareness. Soon he adopted a new name, "Nisargadatta" meaning "naturally given" ("nis-arga" literally means "without parts," suggesting establishment in the unfragmented, seamless, solid Awareness).[12] He was also appointed as the spiritual head of the Inchegeri branch of Navnath Sampradaya, the 'Nine Masters’ tradition, a place he retained through his life.[13]

In 1937, he left Mumbai and travelled across India.[14] Through realising the shortcomings of a totally unworldly life and the greater spiritual fruitfulness of dispassionate action, he eventually returned to his family in Mumbai in 1938.[15] It was there that he spent the rest of his life.

[edit] Later years

Between 1942-1948 he suffered two personal losses, first the death of his wife, Sumatibai, followed by the death of his daughter. He started taking disciples in 1951, only after a personal revelation from his guru, Siddharameshwar Maharaj.[12]

After he retired from his shop in 1966, Nisargadatta Maharaj continued to receive and teach visitors in his home, giving discourses twice a day, until his death on September 8, 1981 at the age of 84, of throat cancer.[16]

[edit] Style of teaching

According to Nisargadatta the purpose of spirituality is to know who you are, a viewpoint he expounded in the talks he gave at his humble flat in Khetwadi, Mumbai, where a mezzanine room was created for him to receive disciples and visitors. This room was also used for daily chantings, bhajans (devotional songs), meditation sessions, and discourses.[17]

He talked about the 'direct way' of knowing the Final Reality, in which one becomes aware of one's original nature through mental discrimination, a method which is common to the teachers of the Navnath Sampradaya.[18] This mental discrimination or the Bird's way ('Vihangam Marg') was also presented by Nisargadatta's co-disciple, Ranjit Maharaj; wherein Self-Knowledge is gained just as a bird flying in the sky goes easily from branch to branch, instead of slowly crawling its way up the tree like an ant, as in the 'Pipilika Marg'. Here the disciple reaches straight to truth, without wasting time in long drawn out practices that would take him to the 'fruit' no doubt, only slowly. He proposed to use one's mental faculty to break from the unreal to the real, and the mind's false identification with the ego, simply by listening to and constantly thinking over what the master has said, and knowing that "You are already That".[19]

The common teaching style of teaching of the Inchgiri Sampradaya masters (beginning with Shri Bhauseheb Maharaj) to Indian devotees was for the Master to select a passage from a traditional text on Advaita Vedanta, most commonly Dasbodh of Saint Shri Samarth Ramdas (as well as the "Yoga Vasishtha", "Saachara" of Shri Shankaracharya, and the "Ecknati Bhagwat" of Saint Ecknath), and to expound upon the meaning and import of that selected passage. Nisargadatta Maharaj and Ranjit Maharaj both deviated from this formal format by giving informal discourses for the benefit of western devotees who did not have access to Dasbodh or the other texts, and who were not familiar with Indian traditions and customs.[20]

Many of Nisargadatta Maharaj's talks were recorded, and these recordings form the basis of I Am That and all of his other books. His words are free from cultural and religious trappings, and the knowledge he expounds is stripped bare of all that is unnecessary.

Summed up in the words of Advaita scholar and a disciple, Dr. Robert Powell, "Like the Zen masters of old, Nisargadatta's style is abrupt, provocative, and immensely profound — cutting to the core and wasting little effort on inessentials. His terse but potent sayings are known for their ability to trigger shifts in consciousness, just by hearing, or even reading them."

[edit] Teachings

A copy of Nisargadatta's "I Am That" in Hindi.

Nisargadatta's teachings are grounded in the Advaita Vedanta interpretation of the Advaita idea Tat Tvam Asi, literally "That Thou Art", (Tat = "Divinity", Tvam = "You", Asi = "are") meaning You are (actually) Divinity (who thinks otherwise). He also had a strong devotional zeal towards his own guru,[12] and suggested the path of devotion, Bhakti yoga, to some of his visitors, as he believed the path of knowledge, Jnana yoga was not for everyone.[21]

According to Nisargadatta, our true nature is perpetually free peaceful awareness, in Hinduism referred to as Brahman. Awareness is the source of, but different from, the personal, individual consciousness, which is related to the body. The mind and memory are responsible for association with a particular body; awareness exists prior to both mind and memory. It is only the idea that we are the body that keeps us from living what he calls our "original essence", the True Self, in Hinduism referred to as Atman.

He describes this essence as pure, free, and unaffected by anything that occurs. He likens it to a silent witness that watches through the body's senses, yet is not moved, either to happiness or sadness, based on what it sees.

For Nisargadatta, the Self is not one super-entity which knows independently, regardless of things; there is no such super-entity, no Creator with infinite intellect. God does not exist independently from creation. What does exist is the "total acting" (or functioning) of the Ultimate or Absolute Reality along the infinite varying forms in manifestation. This Absolute Reality is identical to the Self.

Nisargadatta's teachings also focus on our notion of causality as being misinterpreted. He understood that the interconnectedness of varying forces in the universe is so vast and innumerable that the notion of causality, as presently understood, is wasted. The endless factors required for anything to happen means that, at most, one can say everything creates everything; even the choices we make are predetermined by our genetic code, upbringing, mental strivings and limitations, our ethical and philosophical ideals, etc., all of which are uniquely combined to each person and recontextualized accordingly.

This leads to the radical notion that there is no such thing as a "doer". According to him and other teachers of Vedanta, since our true nature or identity is not the mind, is not the body, but the witness of the mind and body, we, as pure awareness, do nothing. The mind and body act of their own accord, and we are the witness of them, though the mind often believes it is the doer. This false idea (that the mind is the self and responsible for actions) is what keeps us from recognizing our Self. Nisargadatta cautions:

The life force [prana] and the mind are operating [of their own accord], but the mind will tempt you to believe that it is "you". Therefore understand always that you are the timeless spaceless witness. And even if the mind tells you that you are the one who is acting, don't believe the mind. [...] The apparatus [mind, body] which is functioning has come upon your original essence, but you are not that apparatus.
—The Ultimate Medicine, (pp.54 - 70)

Among his most known disciples are Sailor Bob Adamson, Stephen Wolinsky, Jean Dunn, Alexander Smit, Douwe Tiemersma, Robert Powell, Timothy Conway, and Ramesh Balsekar.

[edit] Quotations

Edit-copy purple-wikiq.svg
 This section is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process.
  • "All you can teach is understanding. The rest comes on its own.".[22]
  • "Truth is not a reward for good behaviour, nor a prize for passing some tests. It cannot be brought about. It is the primary, the unborn, the ancient source of all that is. You are eligible because you are. You need not merit truth. It is your own. Just stop running away by running after. Stand still, be quiet.[23] " - Interview with Sri Nisargdatta Maharaj
  • "My advice to you is very simple – just remember yourself, ‘I am’, it is enough to heal your mind and take you beyond, just have some trust. I don’t mislead you. Why should I? Do I want anything from you? I wish you well – such is my nature. Why should I mislead you? Common sense too will tell you that to fulfill a desire you must keep your mind on it. If you want to know your true nature, you must have yourself in mind all the time, until the secret of your being stands revealed.[24] " - I Am That
  • "There is only life, there is nobody who lives a life." - I Am That pp. 43
  • "A quiet mind is all you need. All else will happen rightly, once your mind is quiet. As the sun on rising makes the world active, so does self-awareness effect changes in the mind. In the light of calm and steady self-awareness inner energies wake up and work miracles without effort on your part."
  • "There is nothing to practice. To know yourself, be yourself. To be yourself, stop imagining yourself to be this or that. Just be. Let your true nature emerge. Don't disturb your mind with seeking.[25] "
  • "When I see I am nothing, that is wisdom. When I see I am everything, that is love. My life is a movement between these two."
  • "The search for Reality is the most dangerous of all undertakings, for it destroys the world in which you live."

[edit] Inchegiri Sampradaya

Main article: Inchegeri Sampradaya

The Inchegiri Sampradaya to which Nisargadatta Maharaj belongs is as follows:

Rishi Dattatreya, mythological deity-founder.[26][27][28]
Navnath, the nine founders of the Nath Sampradaya[27][28], also known as as Kada Siddha[29]
Gahininath[30], the 5th Navnath[28] Revananath, the 7th[28] or 8th[27] Navnath
Nivruttinath, Dnyaneshwar's brother[30]
Dnyaneshwar[31] (1275–1296)
also known as Sant Jñāneshwar or Jñanadeva[31]
and as Kadasiddha[28] or Kad-Siddheshwar Maharaj[27]
Kaneri Math, Lingayat Parampara[32] / Kaadasiddheshwar Parampara[33]

Kadasiddha[28], or "Almighty "Kadsiddeshwar" who appeared as a vision to Sri Gurulingajangam Maharaj"[34] or the 22nd Shri Samarth Muppin Kaadsiddheswar Maharaj[citation needed]
1 Nimbargi Maharaj (1789-1875)
also known as Guru Lingam-Jangam Maharaj [27][35][28]		 23nd Shri Samarth Muppin Kaadsiddheswar Maharaj[citation needed]
2 Shri Bhausaheb Maharaj Umdikar[27][36] (1843 Umdi - 1914 Inchgiri[37]) 24nd Shri Samarth Muppin Kaadsiddheswar Maharaj[citation needed]
3 H.H. Shri Amburao Maharaj of Jigjivani

(1857 Jigajevani - 1933 Inchgiri)[38][28]

 H.H. Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal[38][39][28][40] Girimalleshwar Maharaj[28] Sri Siddharameshwar Maharaj (1875-1936)[27][28] 25th Shri Samarth Muppin Kaadsiddheswar Maharaj[citation needed]
4 H.H Shri Gurudev Chandra Bhanu Pathak[41] Shri. Aujekar Laxman Maharaj[42] Madhavananda Prabhuji
(d. 25th May, 1980)[43]		 Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj (1897–1981)[27] 26th Shri Muppin Kaadsiddheshwar Maharaj

Student of Sri Siddharameshwar Maharaj
5 Shri. Nagnath Alli Maharaj[42] Students of Nisargadatta Maharaj H. H. Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Shree Swami Narendracharyaji Maharaj[45][46]

[edit] Books

  • 'Adhyatma Dnyanacha Yogeshwar' (Vol I & II) written by Nisargadatta Maharaj. 130 talks of Siddharameshwar Maharaj (Marathi), November, 1961 and July, 1962.
  • Master of Self Realization, An English translation of 'Adhyatma Dnyanacha Yogeshwar' written by Nisargadatta Maharaj, a collection of 130 Talks by Siddharameshwar Maharaj, which also includes a newly revised edition of "Master Key to Self-Realization" which was written by Shri Siddharameshwar Maharaj himself. ISBN 978-0-578-02789-0
  • Atmagyana and Paramatmayoga, Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj, Marathi.[47][48]
  • Self Knowledge and Self Realization, Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj, Edited by Jean Dunn, 1963.
  • I Am That, Talks with Sri Nisargadatta, Transcribed and edited by Maurice Frydman. Chetana Publishing, Bombay,[49] 1973. ISBN 0-89386-022-0.
  • The Nectar of the Lord's Feet: Final Teachings of Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj: Discourses January–November 1980. Edited by Robert Powell. 1990.ISBN 1-85230-011-6.
  • Nectar of Immortality, Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj Discourses on the Eternal, Edited by Robert Powell. 1987. ISBN 81-208-1733-8.
  • Seeds of Consciousness: The Wisdom of Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj, Edited by Jean Dunn. (Talks recorded, 1979–1980). Chetana Publishing, Bombay 1990. ISBN 0-89386-025-5.
  • Beyond Freedom: Talks with Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj, S.K. Mullarpattan, Ed..
  • Consciousness and the Absolute, The Final Talks of Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj, Edited by Jean Dunn. (Talks recorded, 1981). 1994. ISBN 0-89386-041-7.
  • The Wisdom of Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj, Blue Dove Press, 1995.
  • Prior to Consciousness, Talks with Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj, Edited by Jean Dunn. (Talks recorded,1980–1981). Chetana Publishing 1999. ISBN 0-89386-024-7.
  • The Ultimate Medicine: Dialogues with a Realized Master, Edited by Robert Powell. 1994. ISBN 1-55643-633-5.
  • I Am Unborn: Talks with Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj by Pradeep Apte & Vijayendra Deshpande.
  • The Experience of Nothingness, Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj's Talks on Realizing the Infinite. Edited by Robert Powell. 1996. ISBN 1-884997-14-7.
  • The Wisdom-Teachings of Nisargadatta Maharaj, A Visual Journey (Talks recorded,1977–1979). Edited by Matthew Greenblatt. InnerDirections Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-878019-20-1.
  • Gleanings From Nisargadatta, Mark West, Australia, Beyond Description Publishing, 2006.
  • The Nisargadatta Gita. Pradeep Apte, India, Lulu.com 2008
  • I AM(The complete 'I am' quotes of Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj),Pradeep Apte,India,Lulu.com 2008

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Intro to I am That
  2. ^ Nisargdatta profile at realization.org
  3. ^ S. Gogate & P.T. Phadol, Meet the Sage: Shri Nisargadatta (1972)
  4. ^ I Am That, pp. 6, Who is Nisargadatta Maharaj.
  5. ^ S. Gogate & P.T. Phadol, Meet the Sage: Shri Nisargadatta, p. 5 (1972)
  6. ^ Detailed Biography
  7. ^ Sri Nisagdatta bio at advait.org
  8. ^ Sri Nisargdatta Quote
  9. ^ I Am That, Chapter 75, p. 375.
  10. ^ Guru's teachings
  11. ^ Prior to Consciousness, pp. 1-2, April 4, 1980
  12. ^ a b c Nisargadatta Maharaj Biography enlightened-spirituality.org
  13. ^ I Am That, Page 271 Part II, chapter 97
  14. ^ Sri Nisargdatta bio in innerquest.org
  15. ^ I Am That p.xxviii
  16. ^ It Is Not Real
  17. ^ Spiritual Masters at lifepositive.com
  18. ^ Ranjit Maharaj at lifepositive.com
  19. ^ Navnath Sampradaya
  20. ^ RANJIT MAHARAJ | meeting siddharameshwar
  21. ^ Neal Rosner (Swami Paramatmananda), 'On the Road to Freedom: A Pilgrimage in India', Vol. 1, San Ramon, CA: Mata Amritanandamayi Center, 1987, pp. 212-8
  22. ^ I Am That I Am, Three part series[dead link]
  23. ^ Nisargadatta Maharaj interview at spiritual teachers.org
  24. ^ Quotes from I Am That
  25. ^ Quotes by Sri Nisagdatta Maharaj
  26. ^ nisargadatta.org, Navnath Sampradaya
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i Boucher year unknown.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Frydman 1987.
  29. ^ Gurudev R.D. Ranade, Kada Siddha
  30. ^ a b V. V. Shirvaikar, A brief biography of saint Dnyaneshwar (Jnanadeva)
  31. ^ a b Advaita Vision, Navnath Sampradaya. Disciples of Nisargadatta Maharaj
  32. ^ Mazad Sad Guru, Biography
  33. ^ mazasadguru.com, The Kaadsiddheshwar Parampara
  34. ^ Sadguru Shri Ranjit Maharaj, History
  35. ^ Gurudev R.D. Ranade, Sadguru Shri Guruling Jangam Maharaj
  36. ^ a b ShantiKuteer Ashram, Bhausaheb Maharaj
  37. ^ Gurudev R.D. Ranade, Sadguru Shri Bhausaheb Maharaj Umdikar
  38. ^ a b Gurudev R.D. Ranade, Sadguru Shri Amburao Maharaj
  39. ^ Gurudev R.D. Ranade, Shri Gurudev R. D. Ranade
  40. ^ Bridge-India, Shri Gurudev R.D. Ranade
  41. ^ Sri Ranjit Maharaj profile
  42. ^ a b Shri S.S. Nagnath Alli Maharaj Sansthan, About us
  43. ^ Gurus Feet, Madhavananda Prabhuji
  44. ^ a b David Godman, Remembering Nisargadatta Maharaj pt.1
  45. ^ Montreal Marathi Mandal, H. H. Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Shree Swami Narendracharyaji Maharaj's Montreal Visit
  46. ^ A brief biography of Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Sri Swami Narendracharyaji Maharaj
  47. ^ Self Knowledge Introduction at itisnotreal.com
  48. ^ 'Self Knowledge and Self Realization', Book[dead link]
  49. ^ Chetna Publishing Bombay

[edit] Sources

[edit] Further reading

  • Stephen H. Wolinsky, I Am That I Am: A Tribute to Sri Nisargadatta. 2000. ISBN 0-9670362-5-9.
  • Peter Brent, Godmen of India. NY: Quadrangle Books, 1972, pp. 136–40.
  • S. Gogate & P.T. Phadol, Meet the Sage: Shri Nisargadatta, Sri Sadguru Nisargadatta Maharaj Amrit Mahotsav Samiti, 1972.
  • Neal Rosner (Swami Paramatmananda), On the Road to Freedom: A Pilgrimage in India, Vol. 1, San Ramon, CA: Mata Amritanandamayi Center, 1987, pp. 212–8.
  • Ramesh S. Balsekar, Explorations into the Eternal: Forays from the Teaching of Nisargadatta Maharaj . 1989. ISBN 0-89386-023-9.
  • Ramesh S. Balsekar, Pointers from Nisargadatta Maharaj. 1990 . ISBN 0-89386-033-6.
  • Bertram Salzman, Awaken to the Eternal: Nisargadatta Maharaj: a Journey of Self Discovery. 2006. ISBN 1-878019-28-7.
  • S.K. Mullarpattan, The Last Days of Nisargadatta Maharaj. India: Yogi Impressions Books, 2007. ISBN 81-88479-26-8.
  • Dasbodh – Spiritual Instruction for the Servant – Saint Shri Samartha Ramdas, Sadguru Publishing, 2010 ISBN 978-0-615-37327-0

[edit] DVDs

[edit] External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Nisargadatta Maharaj
Lineage
Articles
Films
Modern Dharmic writers (1875 to date)
Buddhism
Theravada/
Vipassana movement
Mahayana
Vajrayana
Zen
Scholars
Hinduism
Sant Mat
Other
Jainism
Sikhism
Authority control
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nisargadatta_Maharaj&oldid=540633653"